蜜蜂的腺體及其分泌物成分
Exocrine Glands, and Pheromones and Other Secretions, in the Adult and Larval Honeybee Apis mellifera (Worker, Queen and Drone)
|
Gland |
Secretion |
W |
Q |
D | ||||||||||||
| Adult, in the head | ||||||||||||||||
| hypopharyngeal (2) | brood food (including royal jelly), see text |
w |
- |
- | ||||||||||||
| invertase, glucose oxidase, and other enzymes |
w |
- |
- | |||||||||||||
| salivary glands of head (postcerebral) (2) | fatty substance |
w |
q |
(d) | ||||||||||||
| enzymes |
w |
1 |
1 | |||||||||||||
| mandibular (2) | worker | |||||||||||||||
|
lipoid component of larval food, includes 10-HDA |
w |
1 |
1 | |||||||||||||
|
alarm or alerting pheromone, alerting other W: 2-hepatanone |
w |
1 |
1 | |||||||||||||
| enzymes |
w |
1 |
1 | |||||||||||||
| queen | ||||||||||||||||
|
1 |
q |
1 | |||||||||||||
| drone | ||||||||||||||||
|
pheromone attracting D to D; marks congregation site |
1 | 1 |
d | |||||||||||||
| mandibular or postcerebral | ? used in masticating wax scales and building combs |
w |
1 |
1 | ||||||||||||
| postgenal (2) | ? |
w |
(q) |
? | ||||||||||||
| sublingual | ? |
(w) |
? |
d | ||||||||||||
| Adult, in the thorax | ||||||||||||||||
| salivary glands of thorax (2), derived from silk glands of larva | saliva |
w |
q |
d | ||||||||||||
| also enzymes |
w |
? |
? | |||||||||||||
|
Adult, in the legs
| ||||||||||||||||
| tarsal (? Arnhart) | worker | |||||||||||||||
|
pheromone (at least 11compounds), attracting other W to forage source or to the nest |
w |
1 |
1 | |||||||||||||
|
queen
| ||||||||||||||||
|
tarsal or footprint pheromone (at least 12 compounds); with 9-HDA from mandibular glands, inhibits queen-cup construction |
1 |
q |
1 | |||||||||||||
|
drone
| ||||||||||||||||
| pheromone (at least l compound) |
1 |
1 |
d | |||||||||||||
|
Adult, in the abdomen
| ||||||||||||||||
| wax (4 × 2) | beeswax |
w |
- |
- | ||||||||||||
| Nasonov (scent) |
|
w |
- |
- | ||||||||||||
| abdominal tergites (A3, A4, A5) |
pheromones enabling recognition of Q by W, stabilizing 'retinue' , inhibiting ovary development in W; attracts D to Q (pre-copulation) |
- |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| rectal (6) | catalase |
w |
? |
? | ||||||||||||
| spermathecal | polysaccharide secretion containing proteins |
- |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| mucus (2) | mucus |
- |
- |
d | ||||||||||||
| (male) accessory | peptide |
- |
- |
d | ||||||||||||
| in sting apparatus: | ||||||||||||||||
| venom | bee venom |
w |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| Dufour's | ? waxy covering of egg |
? |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| Kozhevnikov (2) | pheromones enabling recognition of Q by W and attracting W to Q |
- |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| sting sheath (2) | several pheromones |
? |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| 'sting gland' |
|
w |
- |
- | ||||||||||||
| alkaline | ?lubricant for sting |
? |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| sting shaft | waxy esters, ?lubricant |
? |
q |
- | ||||||||||||
| Larvae and pupae | ||||||||||||||||
| silk (2), in larva | silk spun into cocoon |
w |
q |
d | ||||||||||||
| ? | brood pheromone(s): | |||||||||||||||
| (a) incubation pheromone from pupae, enables brood recognition and clustering on it by W: glyceryl- l , 2-dioleate-3 -palmitate |
(w) |
q |
d | |||||||||||||
| (b) inhibits queen rearing |
- |
q |
- | |||||||||||||
| (c) inhibits ovary development in W |
- |
q |
- | |||||||||||||
| (d) stimulates foraging, especially for pollen |
? |
? |
? | |||||||||||||
| in young diploid drone larvae | cannibalism pheromone |
- |
- |
d | ||||||||||||
In addition. volatiles from empty comb are sometimes referred to as hoarding or comb pheromones, although they are not established as honey-bee secretions.
Column 1 : (2) indicates paired glands
Column 2: 9-HDA = 9-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid 10-HDA = l 0-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid 9-ODA = (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid HOB = methyl P-hydroxybenzoate HVA = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol diacetate W = worker, Q = queen, D = drone
Columns 3-5: w, q, d, indicates that secretion occurs at some stage in the bee's life; ( ) only slight secretion, or gland atrophied;or gland atrophiedi － gland or secretion absent.
引自《BEES AND BEEKEEPING》EVA CRANE, 1990, 55～57
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